301 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be supplied in various hardness and strengths. The heat transfer convection coefficient for air is 50 W/m 2 K . Select an item in Type to set the bend allowance, bend deduction, or k-factor. It also has variants with low carbon and high nitrogen. 7709. Transition: 5 < u*ε/ν ≤ 70. The K-factor is calculated based on value ranges and is used to determine the following: Tube bending feasibility (whether it is in fact possible to bend a round,. Just select a k factor according to your material from the table below. 17 8. 34. Thread: 15mm (1/2") NPT, (BSPT optional) K-factor: 115 (8. , in. Davis. 1) K 8. I. Take the bend allowance as 2. 6 8-32 Stainless Steel Fasteners Material Length of Thread Engagement (in) Experimental Torque Applied (in-lb) Calculated Torque From Tables (in-lb) 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” between 57-60 77. In this instance 304L is recommended due to its resistance to carbide precipitation. Stainless Steel Stainless steel is a family of iron-based alloys that must contain at least 10. Design Gasket Factors 96. 5–1° whereas the same thickness sheet with a ±68 mm bend radius can have springback as much as 30°. 15%, and the minimum chromium content is only 1% less than 304. 88 x Fn for music wire. Henkel’s food grade anti-seize lubricants feature temperature. The K-factor is the most popular way of calculating the bend allowance and bend deduction, but there are multiple ways that this calculation can be done. Drawn Brass, Copper, Stainless Steel (New) >0. But whether you call it K-factor, Y-factor, or neutral factor, if you’re working with us, there’s one important thing that you should know: Don’t worry about it. UHMW. The relationship between heat and temperature change is usually expressed in the form. Thermal Expansion of Steel. For 2 or 3 inches Insulation: multiply by 0. The higher the K factor, the more the support conditions hurt the member’s resistance to buckling, and vice versa. Churchill Friction Factor Formulae and Calculator ; Pipe Friction Equations Within Pipe For Fluid Flow ; Link to this Webpage: Copy Text to clipboard. 2 (16. The internal roughness of a pipe is an important factor when considering the friction losses of a fluid moving through the pipe. Hazard. 0. For example: A spring is compressed 16 mm and the spring constant is 3 N (16 mm * 3 N = 48 N) A spring that travels 16 mm thus produces 48 N, which equates to approx. k. As a general rule of thumb, one can associate the following k-factors with the following: k-factor of 7: Aluminum; k-factor of 5: Steel; k-factor of 3: Welds; SN-Curve adjustments due to Mean Stress. 18: Cadmium-Plated: 0. 1 mil per year were observed on Types 304L and 348 stainless steels and 0. W. The recommended binder pressure for round draws of low-carbon draw-quality steel is 600 pounds per lineal inch around the post (draw post diameter x 3. Inside temperature in the exchanger is 100 o C and outside temperature is 20 o C . The three roughness regimes are as follows: Dynamically smooth: 0 ≤ u*ε/ν ≤ 5. A = bend angle in degrees (the angle through which the material is bent)In this section, all available elevated temperature material test results on stainless steel alloys are analysed in order to obtain accurate strength reduction factors (k 0. 33 in practical use and at my shop they use as small as 0. Nominal K-Factor: 8. 7 W/(m K). sliding (slip between surfaces) where μ s is the coefficient of static friction and μ k is the coefficient of kinetic friction. v = flow velocity (m/s, ft/s) minor loss can also be expressed as head water column - mm H2O or. 8. The two main frictions used are static friction and kinetic friction. The pressure drop calculations. Note that the pipe is cooled, so the temperature difference has a negative sign: T₂ − T₁ = -85 °C = -85 K. 0: 6. 2. The heat transfer coefficient is the proportionality coefficient between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i. Carbon steel in a broader sense sometimes. ) by Elias A. 062 in. The most important factor in what type of heat transfer is possible is the maximum ambient temperature at the enclosure location and the maximum temperature inside the enclosure. 301 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be supplied in various hardness and strengths. oCompDef = ThisDoc. 5% and allowable stress 16000 psi - can with quality factor E for steel 0. Therefore, the bend allowance added to the flange lengths is equal to the total flat length. They also have excellent toughness and can be used in the food, marine, chemical and architectural fields. This name refers to the average composition, 18% chromium and 8% nickel. become more important for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural members. The inside depth of a dimple should be no more than the inside radius. K-Factor 1000 PPG (291 PPL) (2) K-Factor 100 PPG (26 PPL) (2) K-Factor 2500 PPG (660 PPL) (2) K-Factor 215PPG (57 PPL) (2) 2M Cable, 8 Blade CD4MCU Stainless Steel Rotor (2). r = k / d h (1) where. 01. The K-factor is the ratio between the the neutral axis to the thickness of the material. If it is used, I use k=0. K)/W] in SI units or [ (ft 2 ·°F·hr)/Btu] in imperial units. 01. Derating factor at 482°F (250°C) is 0. Available in 5. Bulletin 065. Next we simply need to choose the specified gauge of 10. To calculate K-factor: Enter the material thickness, T = 1 mm T = 1 ext{ mm} T = 1 mm. The addition of molybdenum can provide pitting resistance in phosphoric acid and acetic acid and dilute chloride solutions and. The basic raw materials are coal, iron ore, limestone and various chemicals. Notes：. Requirement is based on minimum flow in GPM from each sprinkler. BA = A 360 × 2π(R + K × Mt) B A = A 360 × 2 π ( R + K × M t) BA = Bend Allowance, A = Bend Angle, R = Internal Radius, K = K-factor. This per-. The deduction is 1. 5% chromium and no more than 1. Bend allowance with a K-Factor is calculated as follows: BA=pi (R + KT) A/180. Simple gauge tables have K-Factor, gauge values, gauge thicknesses, and available radii. Titanium had a longer life at low stresses compared with stainless steel, and stainless steel had a longer life at higher stresses. g = Acceleration due to gravity (value of g is 9. 00% 1. Hazen-Williams Coefficients Table. 5 = 2. The nozzle has an external deflector that discharges a uniformly filled cone of medium velocity water droplets. 4 mm. Grade 302 stainless steel spring wire (specified in ASTM A313) has high heat resistance and good corrosion resistance, and has excellent spring. 5 to 16. To calculate the bend allowance, the K factor and the derived coefficient called the Y factor, insert the thickness and initial length of the sheet into the cells on the left. If the flow rate and the frequency are known for each calibration point, the K-factor for that point is determined as well. (5-6 mm) thick material Note: Because thinner gauges of stainless steel are generally used, the force required to shear stainless steel for a given part is often comparable to the force needed to shear a similar part made of thicker carbon steel. 15 K = 0. 3572×10-3 m3. 33 for each. Therefore, the potential energy is smaller by a factor of 10. ) F = target preload (lb) NOTE: do not confuse this with bolt yield point or yield strength. 100 0. Note: TYCO series TY-L 8. 2 in. For steel members, a slenderness ratio below 50 can be considered “short”. Relative roughness can be expressed as. 18: Cadmium-Plated: 0. The only study available in the literature for the SCFs of SST joints is by Feng and Young [9], who examined the SCFs of stainless steel SHS and rectangular hollow section (RHS) tubular X-joints. Table 8: Sample Torque Calculation with varying K Factor. 882 kcal/h m 2 o C - Unit Converter; Note that these coefficients are very rough. 78 Pipe Entrance Flush Sharp-Edged 0. 012". For example, 9T10A1004 changes to 9T10S1004. The K-factor is the ratio of the neutral axis to material thickness (as shown in the equation below). 1 \text { mm} 2. 5 – 0. A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . 998. 0 (11. less steel types are designated by the American Iron and Steel Institute as standard compositions. 0 : 0. The thickness is usually specified using a. Land Angle: Positive. Using the data as input in our bend allowance calculator, we obtain: T = K D F/12. 9 Bare Steel; DIN 7984-A2 Stainless Steel; Keys. M Faires). Home > Technical Reference > Engineer’s Reference > Roughness Values-Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Colebrook-White)Stainless Steel. Virgin steel 1kg = 3. 5 = 6. Compute the friction factor of a circular pipe based on Churchill's equation with this online calculator. 75 degrees of springback. DIN 6912-8. Stainless steel components extend the life of the sprinkler by resisting corrosion from cleaning agents used in commercial food production environments. h fThermal expansion of pipes and tubes - stainless steel, carbon steel, copper, plastics and more. (matched to stainless steel, carbon steel, and aluminum), alloy materials, and solder configurations. They are classified into martensitic, austenitic, and ferritic steels based on their crystalline structure. Common values for metals and alloys are in the range of 10 to 30×10 –6 /K (5. Can I re-use PTFE coated studs? You shouldn’t. You will need to obtain the friction factor (f) from the Moody chart or use a suitable equation depending on the flow conditions. Metal. The inside radii are based off of a standard Air Bend Force Chart. PENDENT APPROVALS/LISTINGS SIN V2801 V4201 V2708 V3406 Nominal K Factor Imperial 2. This load would require a Cutler-Hammer KT-4 Trans-former with a K Factor rating of 4. Overall heat transfer coefficient is expressed as W/m2 °C or kcal/h, m2 °C. Ferritic Stainless Steel (T430) 0. ) representing the length change per degree per unit length, e. Base part number is shown. Land Width: 0. BA = Pi (R+K*T)A/180 (8) Therefore, the value of K will always be between 0 and 1. I. 13 - Stainless steel Martensitic, Quenched & Tempered: 1875: 272: 0. Although, reliable sources (mentioned at the reference section) has been used for compiling the above COF table but still the values shown are approximate only. It is a function of the materials' frictional characteristics, which are based on surface finish, coatings and so on. K-factor Stainless Steel Pendent and Recessed Pendent Sprinklers must be installed in accordance with this section. Stainless steel grade 430 is a non-hardenable steel containing straight chromium, and belongs to the ferritic group of steels. The most common grade of austenitic stainless steel is 304 (1. 4301/1. Features a 3/4 inch NPT (20 mm BSPT) thread size and 8. Finish. It is defined as the fraction of energy being emitted relative to that emitted by a thermally black surface (a black body). 81 m/s 2] The value of the friction factor is dependent on the Reynolds number, the shape of the pipe, and the roughness of the pipe walls. The bend deduction, sometimes called the bend compensation, describes how much the outside of the sheet has been stretched. Portuguese / português. 04 0. AISI 304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400) AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most commonly used material in stainless steels, and is usually purchased in an annealed or cold worked state. Grade 2 Titanium. The above Table is applicable only for ASTM A320 Grade B8, Class 2 and A193 Grade B8, Class 2 Stud Bolts. 820 × 3. Table 2 - Mechanical properties of 301 grade stainless steel. T = 1 \text { mm} T = 1 mm. VK338, VK339 - Microfast QR Stainless Steel Sprinklers (K5. 83 @ 1000ºF. When pressure is measured in kPa, divide the metric K-factor shown by 10. [8] Monel alloy 400 is notable for its toughness, which is maintained over a. The TYCO Series TY-FRB, 5. 063 0. S. Using the results of this study [9], a unified design equation was developed for the SCFs of SST X-joints. Breaking Down the Bend Allowance. 02 0. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. For structural steel A36, the limits for the slenderness ratio are: For short columns: 40 ≤ (KL/r) For intermediate columns. Please note that because of the variation in roughness in these materials depending on the source, the roughness values reported here have uncertainties ranging from ± 20 % for new wrought Iron to ± 70 % for riveted steel. 0 μm level mostly of Fe 3 O 4 with some of α-Fe 2 O 3, which means. The main factor causing pitting corrosion is the breakdown of the passivity layer (i. As an example, a 0. The diagram below indicates friction loss for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36. Step 1a: Choose Installation Type. 45 The K-factor also increases with harder materials such as steel and stainless steel but never exceeds the 0. 3 in. μ = Ff / Fn. 1 A36 Steel 3/8” less than 60 53. k factors are proven within 0. Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K) (from the table above). Several points here. It is derived from high cycle fatigue tests by applying a load at constant amplitude (also S-N test) to DIN 50100, and is divided into the regions of low cycle fatigue K, finite life fatigue Z and high cycle fatigue. 004 : 0. Where: T = Target Input Torque (ft-lb) This is your input torque from your torque wrench determined by your specified torque. Its work hardening rate is extremely high, with each increase in the amount of cold work, the tensile strength and yield strength will increase significantly. This K-factor is applied as an average value for most bend allowance calculations. Some of the many variables causing problems are. 7 333 8 in-lbs 10 in-lbs 858 18 in-lbs 20 in-lbs 27 in-lbs 1228 25 in-lbs 29 in-lbs 39 in-lbs 1436 29 in-lbs 34 in-lbs 45 in-lbs 5 0. Bends w/Corrugated Inner Radius. r = relative roughness. View Product. The tool can calculate the required bending force for bending aluminum, stainless steel, mild steel, and Weldox® or Strenx® high-strength steels. 93 g/cm3 (0. 316 Stainless Steel Offers excellent corrosion resistance, even more than 18-8 stainless steel. Other guidelines to remember when the processing draw reductions are:Thread Coeff friction Preload (Kn) property class Tightening torque (Nm) property class Min. r = k / d h (1) where. 15 . 35 "dry" The torque values can only be achieved if nut (or tapped hole) has a proof load greater than or equal to the bolt's minimum ultimate tensile strength. 316 Stainless Steel. Our free online sheet metal bending calculator enables you to rapidly determine the crucial parameters in sheet metal bending calculations, such as the K-factor, Y-factor, bend allowance, bend deduction, arc length, and unfolding flat size. F1FR80VdS Series Quick-Response Sprinkler. Concrete (Dry) Rubber. (oF) Thermal Expansion. 20 4 0. 3 depending on the raw material. 6 – 0. Compared to the k-factor (for the neutral axis shift), the K-factor is a breeze to calculate. For example, for a different steel (other than 533 B) such as A 517 the endurance stress range Δσ. 2 and 0. 2 m2. 27 *10 /K 17. Stainless steel bolts are formed when the raw materials of nickel, iron ore, chromium, silicon, molybdenum, and others, are melted together. 44 (cr4/hr4) stainless steel 0. Canvas belt, stitched, on steel. Stainless Steel, type 316 (17 Cr - 12 Ni - 2 Mo) 16: Stainless Steel, type 304 (18 Cr - 8 Ni) 16: Titanium: 19: Thermal Conductivity - Unit Converter; Metals and their Melting Temperatures; Sponsored Links Related Topics Thermodynamics Work, heat and energy systems. The total friction loss for the 10 bends is. 3. 67. H Stainless Steel Tube 67 I PVC – Series 1 71 J PVC – Series 2 103 K Polyethylene119 L Polyethylene – Rural 180 M Aluminium 182 N Rubber Hose 184 O Concrete 189. We will assume a turbulent flow and k s = 1mm (concrete). The 316 family is a group of austenitic stainless steels with superior corrosion resistance to 304 stainless steels. The friction loss for each bend is: Δ p f f = ζ x 1 2 ρ w x 2 = 673. k = 0. Take. General Properties. The bend allowance describes the length of the neutral axis between the bend lines, or in other words, the arc length of the bend. The common techniques for calculating "accurate" flat patterns involve using bend deduction tables or the K-factor. 09–0. e. Carbon steel and alloy steel are unsatisfactory (become brittle) at temperatures below -65 °F. The Hazen–Williams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of the Reynolds number , but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water . From the part’s edge, dimples. A black body is a material that is a perfect emitter of heat energy and has an emissivity value of 1. 316L is a standard material for numerous applications in process, energy, paper, transportation and. 7 6061-T6 Aluminum 1/2" between 60-65 41. Stainless steel 1kg = 6. 304 stainless steel: 2–3°. Our bend radius rule of thumb is the minimum radius = material thickness. 20: Zinc-Plated: 0. a. The emissions factor when calculating the carbon footprint of steel per kg is: Iron metal (steel) 1kg = 1. I work on Solidworks Sheet Metal for designing sheet metal boxes, plates, hoppers,etc. So if the thickness of the sheet was a distance of T = 1 mm and the location of the neutral axis was a distance of t = 0. Knowing the k-factor formula is essential in order to bend any kind of sheet metal correctly; in fact, it varies according to the type of material to be deformed. The Y-factor is set at 0. The higher the K factor, the more the support conditions hurt the member’s resistance to buckling, and vice versa. 0015-0. itic stainless steel that is molybdenum alloyed for enhanced corrosion resistance in chloride environments. The centerline of the sprinkler waterway is located 7/16 in. This steel is known for its good corrosion resistance and formability, coupled with practical mechanical properties. BA = A 360 × 2π(R + K × Mt) B A = A 360 × 2 π ( R + K × M t) BA = Bend Allowance, A = Bend Angle, R = Internal Radius, K = K-factor. There are three widely used Monel alloys, namely 400, R-405, and K-500. steel research international is a metallurgy journal for the research and development of steel and related materials. You can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius, and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. 2 W/m·K at 100 °C (9. K Factor in sheet metal bending is a constant used to calculate sheet metal flat length or Flat-pattern. Temperaturepressure regulators—k series 1 pipe, weld, vcr, vco fittings standard tubing modular systemd hose / flexible tubing bellows, diaphragm valves ball plug valves check relief valves needle metering valves k sries rgulars instrument systems manifold measurement devices references medium- high- pressure tube fittings pressure regulators k seriesThis will have an effective length factor K associated. 2 4. General Instructions A leak tight 1/2 in. Minimum spacing is for lateral distance between sprinklers located along a single wall. Dry Torque) Partially Lubricated Bolts; Properly Lubricated Bolts; But before we talk about these items, or get to our torque chart, it is imperative you understand the working definition of K-Factor (or “Nut Factor”). 79. See moreHow do you calculate the k-factor for different kinds of steel (or materials)? Say I have a stainless steel AISI 316L and a hot rolled steel S235 JR, will they have the same k. Zinc Plated Steel. K-factor= [Multiplier × (Inside Radius/Material Thickness)] + Minimum K-factor. Metric K-factor shown is for use when pressure is measured in bar. (5-6 mm) thick material Note: Because thinner gauges of stainless steel are generally used, the force required to shear stainless steel for a given part is often comparable to the force needed to shear a similar part made of thicker carbon steel. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh (2003) 26. 8 Steel Plain Finish 0. Therefore, the K factor remains constant. 19. The TYCO Series TY-B, 5. K factor is the ratio between the distance between the inside radius of the bend and the neutral axis to the sheet thickness. 42. The below Microsoft Excel chart is for even numbered gauges 8 through 24 and has a default K-Factor of . 5-inch w. Piping Material. 1 For K-Factor when pressure is measured in bar, multiply S. phosphor-bronze, stainless steel, and K-Monel. Multiple escutcheon options allow up to 1/2-inch (12,7-mm. Sheet Metal Bending Calculator. T1 in T2 out ∆1 T1 out T2 in ∆2 Higher Θ Temperature. Cut a blank to a specific length (say 100mm) and measure it as accurately as possible. The. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. If a K-factor is 0. 2, θ = σ 0. r. Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C. A hole should be at least three times material thickness away from the edge of the dimple. Thermal conductivities of common metals, metallic elements aand alloys. 33: K factor:. 200 x 1. 6 k-factor 1/2 inch npt sprinklers figure 3 poly-stainless series ty-b standard response upright (ty4151) and pendent (ty4251) 8. Joint Tightness 95 3. They are available with aluminum or copper windings and in all three temperature rise ratings. Spanish / español. 4 in3/min. For complete part number, refer to Viking’s current price schedule. 20 Ecoguard K = 0. 1% carbon by weight and is known for its high strength, hardness, and ductility. NPT sprinkler joint should be obtained with a torque ofThe “K” factor variation ranging from 0. For example, the UL Listing is based on the requirements of NFPA 13, and the FM Approval isYou can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. Examples of steel grades that fall into this category include 17Cr-7Ni-A1, 15Cr- 9Ni -A1, 17Cr-5Ni-Mo, and 15Cr-8Ni-Mo-A1. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (PDF) T = K×F×D. Step 1: Choose Meter Type. 6 (8. Editor: J. Standard Metric; S-256-X: 2-56. Churchill Friction Factor Formulae and. Stainless steel is a type of steel that contains less than 2% carbon (C) and more than 2% iron. 318, which is not a terrible starting place for sheet metal design. 1. Related Documents Bimetallic Strips Heat and bending of bimetallic strips. 0015-0. K-factor (aeronautics), the number of pulses expected for every one volumetric unit of fluid passing through a given flow meter. 0 (115) Download Bulletin. Sheet Metal Bend Deduction Chart (PDF) Sheet Metal Bend Deduction Chart (Excel) BEND DEDUCTION; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24 Gauge: K factor: 0. 77 Material Iron metal Steel Steel r. Choose the check mark to use a gauge table. The properties of 304 stainless steel including chemical properties, physical characteristics, thermal properties and mechanical properties, etc. The K-factor can also be used to calculate bending allowance and bending deduction. K = K-Factor, which is t / T. K Factor: 8. For complete part number, refer to Viking’s current price schedule. At exactly the same torque level of 24 foot pounds, variations between 4500 pounds and 6700 pounds are experienced. 5) K 11. Thermal Conductivity - k - is the quantity of heat transmitted due to an unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of the unit area. This treatment increases the surface hardness by a factor of four to five, improving resistance to wear, corrosion, and fatigue, with significant retained ductility. 5% Ni, and also known as 18-8 stainless steel. 446 in. Deflector. For high-strength, low-alloy, and stainless steels, 1,800 pounds of pressure per lineal inch should be used. i use inventor and have now got astoundingly accurate components to these k factors. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K-Factor starting points, good for general fabrication, for steel, aluminum and stainless steel. For instance, 304 stainless steel forms a radius 20 to 22 percent of the die width, while a radius in 5052-H32 aluminum forms at 13 to 15 percent of the width. 7K-Factor. , the temperature difference, ΔT): h = q / (Ts - K) where: q: amount of heat required (Heat Flux), W/m2 i. But whether you call it K-factor, Y-factor, or neutral factor, if you’re working with us,. in feet of straight pipe). . Microform Precision, LLC 4244 South Market Court, Suite A Sacramento, CA 95834 Phone: (916) 419-0580 Fax: (916) 419-0577 Email: [email protected] A36 Steel 3/8” less than 50 53. Continue to determine the radius of gyration r according to the cross-section of the column: r = √(I / A). The K-factor also increases with harder materials such as steel and stainless steel but never exceeds the 0. Steel is an iron alloy that contains between 0. While the sheet metal’s inner surface contracts, the exterior expands. Choose the check mark to use a gauge table. 3 which will result in K factor of 0. A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . 33: 0. Includes additional data and reference information carefully. 1 ftH2O/100 ft = 0. Calculation of spring force at a given length is travel s * R. factor that measures the severity of an existing crack in a material in terms of its size, the applied stress and the overall geometry. units by 10. thick, we multiply this thickness by the K-factor to arrive at 0. 6. The k-factor is found by dividing time by the thickness of the material: The formula for the k-factor is t/Mt. Transition: 5 < u*ε/ν ≤ 70. The nozzle is available in brass, stainless steel 316 and aluminium bronze construction. 87, or about 2. 8 Bare Steel with Guide Point; DIN 7984-8. Insert the inner radius, R i = 1 mm R_i =1 ext{ mm} R i = 1 mm. ) Tightening Torque Clamp Load (lbs. An average and commonly used value for the K-factor is 0. This chart is for reference only – you should always verify your process for better results. 64 x 19. 20 Ecoguard K = 0. The higher strength comes at the cost of lower corrosion resistance at higher temperatures. The tool can be used for any flow type. Similarly, if it is.